一 | "Marking tomorrow’s 50th anniversary of the US Supreme Court decision in Furman v. Georgia, which struck down all of the nation’s death penalty statutes as arbitrary and capricious, the Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC) unveiled a first-of-its-kind database documenting more than 9,700 death sentences handed down across the country between the Court’s ruling in Furman and January 1, 2021," DPIC said in a press release.,"The data provide powerful evidence that the nation’s use of capital punishment continues to be arbitrary, unreliable, and infected with bias.",DPIC Executive Director Robert Dunham in the same release said the data shows "a wasteful punishment, incompetently applied and beset by arbitrary factors such as race, place, and time.","The Court said America wasn’t able to administer the death penalty fairly or reliably a half century ago. The data show we still can’t do it today," he said.,Human Dignity, Death Penalty Incompatible, Biden Must Act to End Practice, Rights Activist Says28 January, 18:55 GMT,Dunham said when a death sentence is imposed, it is most likely to be overturned. Meanwhile, fewer than 1.1 percent of all US counties account for half of the incarcerated individuals on death row, he added. Moreover, people sentenced to die 30 years ago are in danger of being executed for crimes where the death penalty would not even be imposed today, he added.,He said DPIC’s census database also verifies that "when it comes to executions, white lives matter more than Black lives. Executions carried out over the past 50 years were six times more likely to involve a white victim than only victims who were Black," he said.,Defendants of color were disproportionately likely to be wrongfully convicted of capital offenses, he added, took longer to be exonerated, and comprised an overwhelming majority of the likely intellectually disabled people who continue to be executed in the US despite the constitutional prohibition against that practice.,Dunham also said America’s death penalty is disproportionate in the way it is carried out in a small number of states and counties which engage in "outlier practices" and have an absence of meaningful judicial process.,The DPIC said death sentences declined in the US by approximately 90% after peaking at more than 300 per year for 3 straight years in the mid-1990s.。 夜空中的银河看似一张扁平、光滑的旋转圆盘，但实际上，这张“圆盘”并没有看上去那么简单。中国科学院紫金山天文台科研团队在银河系分子气体外盘中首次发现广泛分布的波纹状褶皱结构。这一发现为理解银河系三维结构及其动力学演化提供了新的关键观测证据。
二 | 相关研究成果8月7日发表在国际期刊《自然·天文学》上。 银河系的整体形状像一块受热变形的唱片，一侧向上翘起、另一侧向下弯曲。
三 | 科学家把银河系的这种大尺度形变称为“翘曲结构”。然而，银河系中更细尺度的垂直结构是怎样的，长期缺乏系统性的观测与定量研究。 科研团队借助紫金山天文台建立在青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州的13.7米毫米波望远镜“银河画卷”一氧化碳巡天数据，证认出3万余个外盘分子云。
四 | “我们对3万多个分子云进行了三维分析。”论文第一作者兼共同通讯作者、中国科学院紫金山天文台副研究员孙燕介绍，一氧化碳是追踪冷分子气体的重要“示踪剂”，而分子气体正是恒星形成的原料。 研究团队首先定量构建了银河系一氧化碳外盘的翘曲模型，拟合扣除大尺度翘曲背景后，发现背景结构中呈现清晰的波纹状垂直起伏，这些起伏被称为“褶皱”。 “褶皱表现为大片盘面整体向上或向下偏离，它们可能来自外部引力扰动激发的‘弯曲波’。”孙燕认为，“这很有可能是矮星系等卫星星系从银河系附近飞掠时，其引力对银河系产生了扰动，于是在银河系外盘中激起缓慢传播的‘涟漪’。”（记者金凤 张添福）。
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